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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...
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Cardiac involvement in parasitic infections.

Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes1, Johannes Blum2,3, Teresa Cristina Abreu Ferrari1

  • 1Hospital das Clínicas and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130 100, Brazil.

European Heart Journal
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PubMed
Summary

Parasitic infections can cause heart disease through direct invasion or immune responses, affecting the myocardium and pericardium. Early consideration in patients with unexplained heart conditions and relevant exposure is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Keywords:
Endomyocardial fibrosisEosinophilic myocarditisHelminthic cardiac involvementInfectious cardiomyopathyParasitic cardiac diseasePulmonary hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Parasitic infections are an underrecognized cause of cardiovascular disease globally.
  • Cardiac manifestations arise from direct parasitic invasion or immune-mediated inflammation.
  • Global migration and travel increase the incidence in non-endemic areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of cardiac involvement in parasitic infections.
  • To integrate current evidence on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.
  • To offer clinically oriented guidance for healthcare professionals.

Main Methods:

  • This is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes current evidence on parasitic cardiac disease.
  • Guidance is supported by figures, algorithms, and summary tables.

Main Results:

  • Clinical manifestations include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and pericardial disease.
  • Diagnosis should be considered in unexplained heart conditions with relevant exposure, immunosuppression, fever, or eosinophilia.
  • Parasitic cardiac disease requires specific diagnostic and management strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Parasitic cardiac disease is an important, often overlooked, cause of heart conditions.
  • Awareness and consideration of parasitic etiologies are vital, especially in at-risk populations.
  • This review aims to enhance clinical applicability and patient outcomes.