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Carrier-Mediated Transport

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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

In vitro Investigation of the MexAB Efflux Pump From Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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In vitro Investigation of the MexAB Efflux Pump From Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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A missing link for efflux pumps.

Hilal Wehbi1, Isabelle Broutin1

  • 1Laboratoire CiTCoM, Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France.

Elife
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A newly identified lipoprotein, YbjP, may solve a long-standing mystery surrounding efflux pumps in gram-negative bacteria. This discovery sheds light on bacterial transport mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gram-negative bacteria utilize efflux pumps for nutrient transport and waste removal.
  • The precise mechanisms and regulation of these efflux pumps remain incompletely understood.
  • Lipoproteins play diverse roles in bacterial cell envelope structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the lipoprotein YbjP in the context of bacterial efflux pump activity.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which YbjP influences efflux pump function in gram-negative bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic manipulation of YbjP expression in model gram-negative bacteria.
  • Biochemical assays to measure efflux pump activity.
  • Proteomic analysis to identify interacting partners of YbjP.
Keywords:
AcrABZ-TolCE. coliMacAB-TolCefflux pumplipoproteinmembrane proteinmolecular biophysicsstructural biologytype I secretion

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Main Results:

  • YbjP was identified as a crucial component associated with specific efflux pump systems.
  • Alterations in YbjP levels directly impacted the substrate transport efficiency of these pumps.
  • YbjP appears to modulate efflux pump assembly or activity through direct or indirect interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The lipoprotein YbjP is implicated as a key regulator or facilitator of efflux pump function in gram-negative bacteria.
  • Understanding YbjP's role offers new insights into bacterial multidrug resistance and virulence.
  • Targeting YbjP could represent a novel strategy to combat infections caused by gram-negative pathogens.