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Thoracic limb simulator for veterinary vascular access training.

Ana Clara Nogueira Espinha1, Julia Piolla1, Patrick Carmona Marinho1

  • 1Universidade Federal Fluminense - Faculdade de Veterinária - Niterói (RJ), Brazil.

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
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A new thoracic limb simulator for veterinary vascular access training (TSVT) effectively teaches canine cephalic vein puncture. This tool allows safe, repeatable practice of essential psychomotor skills without using live animals.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Surgical Simulation
  • Anatomical Modeling

Background:

  • Vascular access procedures are critical in veterinary medicine.
  • Training for these procedures often relies on live animals, raising ethical and practical concerns.
  • Developing realistic simulators is essential for effective and safe skill acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel thoracic limb simulator for veterinary vascular access training (TSVT).
  • To assess the simulator's efficacy in teaching canine cephalic vein puncture.
  • To evaluate the simulator's ability to replicate key anatomical structures and procedural steps.

Main Methods:

  • The TSVT was designed and 3D printed, then filled with silicone and resin for realism.

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  • Five experienced veterinarians performed simulated venipuncture procedures.
  • Participants completed anonymous questionnaires and provided qualitative feedback on the simulator's performance.

    • Main Results:

    • The TSVT accurately replicated canine thoracic limb and cephalic vein anatomy.
    • All participants found hand positioning, vein palpation, and antisepsis appropriate.
    • Blood collection was feasible for all; catheter insertion was successful for most, with minor resistance noted.
    • Vascular access maintenance was successful, and the simulator facilitated repeated practice without live animals.

    Conclusions:

    • The TSVT is an effective tool for training canine cephalic vein puncture.
    • It accurately reproduces anatomical structures, enabling skill acquisition in a safe, ethical, and repeatable manner.
    • The simulator represents a valuable asset for veterinary education and psychomotor skill development.