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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

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Combinatorial Instrumental Sound-Making in a Captive Chimpanzee: Evolution of Vocal Externalization.

Yuko Hattori1, Pavel Voinov1, Makiko Uchikoshi1,2

  • 1Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A chimpanzee created and used a tool for rhythmic drumming, mimicking vocalizations. This suggests emotional expression can be externalized through instrumental sound, offering insights into music evolution.

Keywords:
chimpanzeescombinatorialitydrummingrhythmtool use

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Area of Science:

  • Primate Behavior
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ethology

Background:

  • Instrumental music's origins are debated, possibly evolving from vocalizations.
  • Understanding primate tool use provides insights into human cognitive evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and analyze a novel instance of spontaneous instrumental display by a chimpanzee.
  • To investigate the structure and potential evolutionary significance of this behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of a captive male chimpanzee exhibiting tool-assisted drumming.
  • Analysis of combinatorial sequences, transitions between actions (drumming, dragging, throwing), and rhythm patterns.
  • Documentation of associated facial expressions and vocalizations.

Main Results:

  • The chimpanzee produced structured instrumental displays using a self-fabricated tool.
  • Drumming patterns were predominantly isochronous and less variable than bodily drumming.
  • Nonrandom transitions were observed between drumming, object dragging, and throwing, resembling vocalization structures.

Conclusions:

  • Chimpanzee instrumental displays demonstrate externalization of emotional expression through sound.
  • This behavior supports hypotheses on the affective origins and multimodal evolution of music.
  • Captive observations reveal hidden capacities for structured sound production, highlighting primate-vocal-musical continuity.