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The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Nursing Ethical Principles II01:27

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Ethical principles are essential in guiding nurses to fulfill their responsibilities, focusing on the quality of nursing care and decision-making. These principles, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity, shape the ethical framework within healthcare settings.
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When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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A visualized nurse-led ePRO system for chemotherapy toxicity: Content design and validation.

Chiao-Chi Kuan1, Jhe-Cyuan Guo2, Shan-Hsiang Shen3

  • 1Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei City, Taiwan.

International Journal of Medical Informatics
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new visualized chemotherapy toxicity self-assessment system (CTSAQ) effectively monitors patient-reported outcomes. This tool enhances cancer patient safety and support during home recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology nursing
  • Digital health
  • Patient-reported outcomes

Background:

  • Chemotherapy commonly causes toxicities, impacting treatment adherence and quality of life.
  • Traditional text-heavy monitoring tools can lead to visual fatigue and reduced patient engagement.
  • Effective post-discharge monitoring is crucial for managing chemotherapy-induced side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and validate a visualized chemotherapy toxicity self-assessment system.
  • To integrate patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with severity grading and graphic interventions.
  • To enable systematic post-discharge monitoring of chemotherapy toxicities.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Chemotherapy Toxicity Self-Assessment Questionnaire (CTSAQ) for 12 symptoms with a four-grade scale.
  • Used Delphi consensus with 11 multidisciplinary experts to refine symptoms and interventions.
  • Assessed reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and construct validity; evaluated feasibility in a patient cohort.

Main Results:

  • CTSAQ showed excellent content validity (S-CVI 0.98) and high test-retest reliability (ρ=0.788-1.000).
  • Acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.744) was observed in 56 patients.
  • Identified five symptom clusters; weekly completion rates exceeded 90% with a 10-12 minute completion time.

Conclusions:

  • The CTSAQ is a valid and feasible nurse-led electronic PRO instrument for post-discharge monitoring.
  • Visualized guidance aims to improve symptom self-assessment and patient security at home.
  • Further studies are needed to confirm clinical efficacy and user burden.