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Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

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Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
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Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:28

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

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The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

4.4K
The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
4.4K
Stability of Conjugated Dienes01:28

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

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Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.
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IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones01:29

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7.9K
Infrared spectroscopy, also known as vibrational spectroscopy, is mainly used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups in molecules. In aldehydes and ketones, the carbonyl (C=O) bond shows an absorption around 1710 cm-1. The C=O bond vibration of an aldehyde occurs at lower frequencies than that of a ketone. In addition to the C=O absorption in an aldehyde, the aldehydic C–H bond also gives two peaks in the 2700–2800 cm-1 range. This absorption, coupled with the...
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Laboratory Characterization and Interstellar Search for a New Interstellar Candidate: 2,3-Butadienal.

Laurent Margulès1, Zachary T P Fried2, Roman A Motiyenko1

  • 1Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM, Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|March 25, 2026
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Astronomers searched for 2,3-butadienal in interstellar space but did not detect it. This study provides crucial spectral data to aid future astronomical searches for this molecule in the interstellar medium.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Several unsaturated aldehydes like propenal have been detected in the interstellar medium (ISM).
  • 2,3-butadienal, a structurally similar aldehyde, is a potential candidate for detection in the ISM.
  • Laboratory spectroscopic data for 2,3-butadienal were previously unavailable, hindering astronomical searches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform laboratory measurements of the rotational spectrum of trans-2,3-butadienal.
  • To provide accurate spectroscopic predictions for astronomical observations.
  • To facilitate the search for 2,3-butadienal in the interstellar medium.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory measurements of the rotational spectrum of trans-2,3-butadienal were conducted in the 150-485 GHz range.
  • Quantum chemical calculations guided the assignment of spectral lines.
  • The ground and two lowest excited vibrational states were analyzed, including a Coriolis-coupled framework.

Main Results:

  • The first laboratory rotational spectrum of trans-2,3-butadienal was measured and analyzed.
  • High-precision spectroscopic parameters were determined, enabling reliable frequency predictions.
  • Searches in astronomical data toward TMC-1, Sgr B2(N), and G +0.693-0.027 did not yield any detections of 2,3-butadienal.

Conclusions:

  • Upper limits for the column density of 2,3-butadienal were derived.
  • The study provides a foundation for future astronomical searches for 2,3-butadienal.
  • Implications for the formation pathways of 2,3-butadienal in the ISM are discussed.