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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides
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Chemical bonding manipulation unlocks high performance ionic-bonded thermoelectrics.

Haiqi Li1, Shuang Lyu1, Xiaofang Li2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.

Nature Communications
|March 26, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers optimized thermoelectric performance in ionic semiconductors by engineering chemical bonds in MnTe. This approach delocalizes electrons and reduces thermal conductivity, boosting thermoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Thermoelectric materials convert heat to electricity, but ionic semiconductors face challenges due to electron localization.
  • Enhancing thermoelectric performance requires optimizing electrical conductivity and minimizing thermal conductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for improving the thermoelectric performance of ionic semiconductors.
  • To investigate the effect of bond manipulation on electron delocalization and phase composition in MnTe.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced diverse atomic species into MnTe to manipulate chemical bonds.
  • Analyzed changes in electron delocalization, phase composition, and structural properties.
  • Measured thermoelectric properties, including the figure of merit (zT) and thermal conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a peak zT value of ~1.6 at 773 K and an average zT of ~0.9 from 300 K to 773 K.
  • Demonstrated bond softening and formation of multiscale hierarchical structures, significantly reducing lattice thermal conductivity.
  • Fabricated a segmented module with 11% thermoelectric conversion efficiency at ΔT = 473 K.

Conclusions:

  • Bond engineering is an effective strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of ionic compounds.
  • The developed approach successfully optimizes electron transport and thermal transport properties in MnTe.
  • This work provides a new paradigm for designing high-performance thermoelectric materials.