Spatial distribution and composition of macro litter in Escravos Estuary, Southern Nigeria

Marine litter pollution poses significant ecological and socio-economic challenges, particularly in estuarine environments where waste accumulation is exacerbated by anthropogenic activities. This study assesses the spatial distribution and composition of macro litter (> 5 mm) in the Escravos Estuary, Southern Nigeria, an ecologically and economically vital region with limited empirical data on marine debris. Using a systematic spatial sampling approach, macro litter was collected biweekly from June 2024 to August 2024 at six designated sites across Okerenkoko and Kurutie communities. Litter categorisation followed the OSPAR and COLLECT frameworks, and statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests, were conducted to examine spatial patterns. Results indicate a total of 346 macro litter items, with Okerenkoko exhibiting significantly higher accumulation (201 items) compared to Kurutie (145 items). Single-use plastics, particularly beverage bottles (132 items) and food containers (37 items), dominated the litter composition, collectively accounting for 48.8% of total waste. Despite an overall declining trend in litter abundance from Week 1 (79 items) to Week 6 (35 items), no significant temporal variations were detected (p = 0.757), suggesting consistent litter deposition. A significant association (p = 0.0009) was found between litter types and locations, highlighting localised waste sources. These findings establish baseline data crucial for evidence-based policymaking and intervention strategies. Addressing macro litter pollution in the Escravos Estuary requires integrated waste management, policy enforcement, and community engagement to mitigate long-term ecological and economic impacts. This study provides the first quantitative assessment of macro litter in the region, contributing novel insights into estuarine litter dynamics in developing coastal nations.