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Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty
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Multimorbidity patterns and 15-year trajectories of physical performance: a population-based study.

Francesco Palmese1,2,3, Davide Liborio Vetrano4,5, Caterina Gregorio4

  • 1Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. francesco.palmese@ki.se.

BMC Medicine
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Specific combinations of chronic diseases, or multimorbidity patterns, significantly impact long-term physical performance decline in older adults. The cardiometabolic & inflammatory pattern showed the fastest decline, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.

Keywords:
AgingChair stand testFunctional declineMultimorbidity patternsPersonalized medicinePhysical performancePopulation-based studyWalking speed

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic diseases significantly impact physical function in older adults.
  • Understanding how specific disease combinations affect physical performance trajectories is crucial.
  • This study investigates multimorbidity patterns and their association with 15-year physical performance changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the association between distinct multimorbidity patterns and long-term physical performance changes.
  • To identify if different combinations of chronic diseases predict varying rates of physical decline.
  • To inform targeted strategies for preserving physical function in aging populations.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal analysis of 3112 dementia-free older adults (aged 60+) over 15 years.
  • Physical performance assessed via walking speed and chair-stand tests, combined into an overall measure.
  • Latent class analysis identified multimorbidity patterns; linear mixed models assessed performance changes over time.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct multimorbidity patterns were identified: psychiatric/respiratory/musculoskeletal, anemia/sensory impairment, cardiometabolic/inflammatory, and unspecific.
  • All identified multimorbidity patterns were associated with faster annual declines in physical performance compared to no/single disease.
  • The cardiometabolic & inflammatory pattern exhibited the steepest decline (β*time = -0.066), followed by anemia & sensory impairment (β*time = -0.043).

Conclusions:

  • Multimorbidity patterns are differentially linked to the rate of physical performance decline in older adults.
  • The cardiometabolic & inflammatory pattern is most strongly associated with a rapid decrease in physical function.
  • Identifying specific multimorbidity patterns can guide personalized interventions to maintain physical function in aging individuals.