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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

A Non-invasive Way to Isolate and Phenotype Cells from the Conjunctiva
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Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis with viral triggers.

Matteo Capobianco1,2, Francesco Cappellani3,4, Federico Visalli5

  • 1Eye Clinic, Policlinico G. Rodolico, University of Catania, Catania 95121, Italy.

World Journal of Virology
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC) is an ocular condition triggered by microbial antigens. Prompt treatment of the antigen source and inflammation, alongside steroid-sparing strategies, is key to preventing vision loss.

Keywords:
COVIDDelayed-type hypersensitivityHerpes simplex virusMolluscum contagiosumOcular rosaceaPediatric ophthalmologyPhlyctenular keratoconjunctivitisStaphylococcus aureusTuberculosisViral infection

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC) is a pediatric ocular surface disease.
  • It results from a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to microbial antigens.
  • Triggers vary by geographic location and include tuberculosis, staphylococcal infections, rosacea, and viral infections like HSV, COVID-19, and molluscum contagiosum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiologic, clinical, and immunopathologic data on PKC.
  • To identify the diverse causes of pediatric PKC.
  • To update current management strategies for PKC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiologic, clinical, and immunopathologic studies on PKC.
  • Synthesis of data to identify antigen triggers and treatment approaches.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for various management strategies.

Main Results:

  • PKC is antigen-mediated, with diverse triggers including bacterial, mycobacterial, and viral pathogens.
  • Corneal involvement can lead to severe visual impairment, including neovascularization, scarring, amblyopia, and perforation.
  • Effective management involves addressing the antigen source, prompt anti-inflammatory treatment, and steroid-sparing agents for recurrent cases.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment should focus on the specific antigen source (e.g., tuberculosis, blepharitis, viral infections).
  • Promptly suppressing inflammation with topical corticosteroids is crucial.
  • Steroid-sparing agents like topical cyclosporine are valuable for managing recurrent or steroid-dependent disease.
  • A trigger-focused, steroid-sparing approach minimizes recurrences and vision-threatening complications.