Shaping the future of breast surgery training in Italy: insights from a national survey

Breast surgery is a cornerstone of breast cancer (BC) treatment and has distinctive features that distinguish it from other subspecialties within general surgery. BC management requires multidisciplinary competencies, with specialized training and dedicated care shown to improve patient outcomes. Breast surgery training should become a critical priority within residency programs. We conducted a cross-sectional survey during the 2025 Italian Society of Breast Surgeon (ANISC) annual meeting, to explore the opinions of breast surgery consultants and residentsregarding the current state of breast surgery training, as well as future perspectives for its improvement. A total of 126 participants (77% consultants, 23% residents) completed the survey. Most of the participants (49.2%) worked in medium-volume Breast Units and had > 10 years of clinical practice (45.2%). Overall, 67.5% of respondents judged their training only partially satisfactory, while 23.8% were completely dissatisfied. The majority (58.7%) supported a hybrid model with three years of general surgery followed by two years exclusively dedicated to breast surgery. Most respondents endorsed mandatory training periods in complementary specialties (79.4%) and rotations in peripheral Breast Units (69.8%). Notably, 88.1% favored the development of a vertical breast surgeon profile, capable of independently managing both oncologic and reconstructive procedures. This is the first national survey exploring breast care professionals’ perspectives on surgical training in Italy. Only 8.7% considered the current system adequate to meet clinical needs. The strong demand for structured and specialized programs, together with the recognition of a vertical breast surgeon figure, highlights the urgent need to redefine breast surgery training pathway.