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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

7.3K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions01:21

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Catching water's hidden transition.

Francesco Paesani1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 26, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers captured the structural transition in supercooled water's short-lived liquid state using rapid measurements. This provides new insights into the dynamics of water under extreme conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Supercooled water exists below its freezing point but is thermodynamically unstable.
  • Understanding the liquid state of supercooled water is crucial for various fields, including atmospheric science and materials processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural dynamics of supercooled water.
  • To capture rapid structural transitions in the short-lived liquid state.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced spectroscopic techniques for rapid data acquisition.
  • Employed time-resolved measurements to probe structural changes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully observed and characterized a distinct structural transition.
  • The transition occurred within the short-lived liquid state of supercooled water.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides direct evidence of structural rearrangements in supercooled water.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of water's complex phase behavior.