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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles
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POSS as a versatile platform for developing multifunctional water-soluble photoinitiators.

Meihua Xu1, Mingyue Wang1, Heng Li Chee2

  • 1Engineering & Technology Center of Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based nanophotoinitiators (POSS-PIs) enhance hydrogel properties. These multifunctional junctions improve crosslinking, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility for 3D bioprinting applications.

Keywords:
Chemical crosslinkerHydrogelPOSSPhotoinitiatorTissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Conventional photoinitiators lack control over hydrogel network topology post-initiation.
  • Developing photoinitiators that actively influence network structure is crucial for advanced material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel multifunctional photoinitiators for active modulation of hydrogel crosslinking.
  • To investigate the impact of these nanophotoinitiators on hydrogel properties and 3D printing performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based nanophotoinitiators (POSS-PIs) by functionalizing POSS with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains and coupling with I2959.
  • Incorporation of POSS-PIs into hydrogel formulations (GelMA/HEMA).
  • Characterization of photopolymerization efficiency, crosslinking density, mechanical properties, swelling behavior, and biocompatibility of the resulting hydrogels and 3D printed scaffolds.

Main Results:

  • POSS-PIs act as multifunctional junctions, enhancing photopolymerization efficiency and crosslinking density.
  • Hydrogels with POSS-PIs showed an 8.30-fold increase in toughness, maintained high stretchability, and exhibited controlled swelling.
  • 3D printed GelMA/HEMA-POSS scaffolds demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and network formation over 10 days.

Conclusions:

  • POSS-PIs serve as multifunctional photoinitiators that precisely tailor hydrogel properties.
  • This dual functionality offers significant advantages over conventional photoinitiators for hydrogel network formation.
  • POSS-PIs show great potential for applications in 3D bioprinting and advanced biomedical engineering.