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Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

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Advanced Spine Imaging: Technical Updates and Practice Recommendations.

Ajay A Madhavan¹, Rami W Eldaya¹, Lubdha M Shah¹

¹From the Duke University Medical Center (A.A.M.); MD Anderson Cancer Center (R.W.E., M.G.-M.); University of Utah (L.M.S.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (A.S., K.P.P.); University of California (V.S.), San Francisco and University of Missouri (L.C.P., M.-L.H.).

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|March 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced spine imaging techniques offer detailed assessment for complex cases, improving diagnosis and treatment planning. This review categorizes various advanced methods for clinical application and future research.

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Area of Science:

Radiology
Medical Imaging
Spine Imaging

Background:

Advanced spine imaging implementation lags behind brain/neck due to technical challenges like motion and hardware.
Routine low back pain may not require advanced imaging, but complex cases benefit significantly.

Purpose of the Study:

To review technical principles and applications of advanced spine imaging.
To categorize advanced techniques for clinical use, problem-solving, and research.
To provide examples and assess clinical readiness of various modalities.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive review synthesizing technical principles and applications.
Didactic categorization of diffusion, perfusion, parametric, CSF, dynamic, anatomic, metabolic, functional, and miscellaneous techniques.
Analysis of advantages, disadvantages, clinical readiness, and use cases for each technique.

Main Results:

Advanced techniques quantitatively interrogate spine structures like vertebrae, discs, spinal cord, and nerves.
Categorization provides a framework for understanding diverse advanced imaging modalities.
Clinical readiness and specific use cases are outlined for each technique.

Conclusions:

Advanced spine imaging is crucial for complex cases, impacting diagnosis, planning, and outcomes.
This review offers a guide to current and emerging advanced spine imaging techniques.
Further investigation and clinical implementation of these techniques are recommended.