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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing CAR-T Cell Function in Syngeneic Tumor Models

Author Spotlight: Enhancing CAR-T Cell Function in Syngeneic Tumor Models

Published on: February 2, 2024

In vivo CAR T cell engineering: design principles and open questions.

Amin Aalipour¹, Ariana Barreiro², Andrea Garmilla³

¹Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Trends in Cancer

|March 26, 2026

Summary

In vivo CAR-T cell therapy aims to make cancer treatments more accessible and affordable by reprogramming T cells inside the body. This review explores current methods, their potential, and remaining challenges for this innovative approach.

Keywords:

CAR T cell adoptive cell therapy in vivo engineering lipid nanoparticle off-the-shelf gene therapy targeted lentivirus

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Published on: September 19, 2025

Area of Science:

Immunotherapy
Cellular Therapy
Oncology

Background:

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized hematologic malignancy treatment, with seven FDA-approved products.
Widespread adoption is hindered by high manufacturing costs and complex administration.

Purpose of the Study:

To review preclinical and clinical data on in vivo CAR-T engineering using viral and nonviral methods.
To discuss the opportunities and limitations of these emerging approaches.
To identify key open questions for the advancement of in vivo CAR-T therapy.

Main Methods:

Review of state-of-the-art viral and nonviral approaches for in vivo CAR-T engineering.
Analysis of preclinical and clinical data.
Discussion of current challenges and future directions.

Main Results:

Several methods for direct in vivo T cell reprogramming show potential to improve CAR-T therapy's potency, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility.
Early clinical studies indicate safety and therapeutic activity for in vivo approaches.
Critical questions remain regarding long-term efficacy, delivery method interactions with host biology, and optimal disease indications.

Conclusions:

In vivo CAR-T engineering offers a promising avenue to overcome current limitations of CAR-T cell therapy.
Further research is needed to address efficacy, safety, and optimal application of different delivery strategies.
Maturation of this field hinges on resolving key questions surrounding in vivo reprogramming and its clinical translation.