Advances in fluorescence-based point-of-care diagnostics: probes, nanostructures and integrated systems

Fluorescence-based point-of-care (POC) technologies are rapidly evolving through advances in materials chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of fluorescent molecular probes, proteins, hybrid nanostructures, metal-organic frameworks, silica platforms, carbon dots, and upconverting nanoparticles engineered for portable diagnostics. We highlight fundamental photophysical mechanisms, design strategies for improving brightness, stability, and multiplexing, and the integration of fluorescent materials with microfluidics, wearable interfaces, and smartphone readouts. Current limitations, translational challenges, and emerging trends, including AI-enabled data analysis and next-generation NIR and AIE fluorophores, are discussed. Together, these insights outline how material innovation is driving the next generation of high-performance POC sensing systems.