Adaptive conductors for organ-specific soft bioelectronic interfaces

The realization of precision medicine relies on bioelectronics capable of reliably recording and modulating physiological signals across different organs. However, conventional interfaces based on rigid metals or silicon fail to conform to the soft and deformable nature of biological tissues, leading to signal degradation and long-term instability. These limitations highlight the need for organ-specific interfaces that reflect distinct electrical and mechanical requirements. In this review, we focus on adaptive conductor as key materials to address these challenges and synthesize recent progress in the field. We first compare the electrical and mechanical characteristics of representative organs-including the brain, heart, bladder, colon, and peripheral nerves-and assess the limitations of existing devices. We then outline the essential requirements and fabrication strategies of adaptive conductors, categorized into geometrical designs, nanocomposite engineering, and polymer engineering. Finally, we survey applications of adaptive conductors across multiple organs and highlight how organ-specific design principles can be translated into practical bioelectronics. By integrating recent advances into an organ-specific framework, this review provides a roadmap for the development of next-generation organ-specific soft bioelectronic interfaces.