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Time-Dependent Color Stability of Three Nanohybrid Resin Composites After Cigarette Smoke Exposure: An In Vitro Study
Hebert Iván Chipana-Chura1, Cesar Juárez-Vizcarra1, Fernando Mauricio Espada-Salgado1
1School of dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private University of Tacna, Tacna, Peru.
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry
|March 27, 2026
Summary
Cigarette smoke significantly increases the time-dependent color change (E00) in nanohybrid resin composites. All tested materials exceeded perceptibility thresholds within 14 days of daily smoke exposure.
Area of Science:
- Dental Materials Science
- Material Degradation Studies
- Color Stability Research
Background:
- Nanohybrid resin composites are widely used dental restorative materials.
- Chromatic stability of dental materials is crucial for aesthetic outcomes.
- The impact of cigarette smoke on resin composite color change requires investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effect of daily cigarette smoke exposure on the time-dependent color change (E00) of three nanohybrid resin composites.
- To determine if cigarette smoke exposure compromises the chromatic stability of these materials over a 28-day period.
Main Methods:
- An in vitro study involving 45 disc-shaped specimens of Filtek Z350 XT, IPS Empress Direct, and Forma.
- Daily exposure to cigarette smoke for 28 days in a custom chamber.
- Color measurements using a spectrophotometer and CIEDE2000 formula for color change (E00) calculation at multiple time points.
Main Results:
- A progressive and statistically significant increase in color change (E00) was observed over time for all materials (p < 0.001).
- IPS Empress Direct showed the highest color change, followed by Filtek Z350 XT, and Forma exhibited the least.
- From day 14, all materials exceeded the perceptibility threshold (0.8), with some surpassing clinical acceptability (1.8) by day 28.
Conclusions:
- Daily cigarette smoke exposure significantly increases color change in nanohybrid resin composites.
- Exposure time is a critical factor influencing the chromatic stability of these dental materials.
- The aesthetic longevity of resin composites may be compromised by regular cigarette smoke exposure.
