Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Working Memory

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Offline contributions to early skill learning.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026

Same author

The building blocks of emotion regulation flexibility: correlational and causal evidence for the influence of sensitive classification of emotional intensity on flexible strategy selection.

Cognition & emotion·2025

Same author

Hippocampal-network transcranial magnetic stimulation to target reactivated intrusive memories: A proof-of-concept study in PTSD treatment.

Brain stimulation·2025

Same author

Targeting memory of embedded positive verbal content indirectly modulates negative visual memory.

iScience·2025

Same author

Tracking the Unconscious: Neural Evidence for the Retention of Unaware Information in Visual Working Memory.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2025

Same author

Feature-based versus object-based representation in visual working memory.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025

Same journal

Virtual reality enhances affective valence and attentional dissociation during exercise but not exercise-induced hypoalgesia.

Virtual reality·2026

Same journal

A grounded study in user preference for immersive sound in extended reality environments.

Virtual reality·2026

Same journal

Cross-modal synchrony between music and visual motion modulates vection, urge to move, and comfort in VR.

Virtual reality·2026

Same journal

XR body illusion for managing pain in fibromyalgia: examining optimal duration.

Virtual reality·2026

Same journal

Stressful urban walks: an experimental design for measuring physiological and psychological stress in virtual urban environments.

Virtual reality·2026

Same journal

Prediction-based attention computing: a proof of concept study.

Virtual reality·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Published on: June 21, 2019

Beyond flatland: naturalistic three-dimensional stimuli and visual working memory processing.

Gilad Schrift¹, Shachar Lando², Roy Luria^1,2

¹Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel.

Virtual Reality

|March 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Visual working memory (VWM) performance is similar for 2D and 3D objects, but 3D stimuli slow down responses as memory load increases. This suggests depth processing adds cognitive costs, especially with more information.

Keywords:

3D perception Change detection Cognitive load Depth cues Ecological validity Virtual reality Visual working memory

More Related Videos

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Published on: June 21, 2019

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Neuroscience
Human-computer interaction

Background:

Visual working memory (VWM) stores and manipulates visual information, but has limited capacity.
Most VWM research uses 2D stimuli, neglecting real-world depth cues.
Depth may improve VWM via perceptual enrichment but could also increase cognitive load.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how stimulus dimensionality (2D vs. 3D) affects VWM performance.
To examine the impact of memory load on VWM for 2D and 3D stimuli.
To understand the cognitive costs associated with processing depth in VWM.

Main Methods:

Utilized a virtual reality change detection task.
Presented ecologically valid 2D and 3D objects as stimuli.
Varied memory loads to assess performance differences.

Main Results:

Accuracy in VWM was comparable for 2D and 3D stimuli.
Response times for 3D stimuli increased more significantly with higher memory loads compared to 2D stimuli.
Higher memory loads amplified processing costs for 3D objects.

Conclusions:

While 3D stimuli may offer perceptual benefits, they incur processing costs in VWM.
These depth-related costs become more pronounced under high memory loads.
Increased neural resources may be required for depth processing in demanding VWM tasks.