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Diversity of Rhinovirus and Enterovirus Infections Among Pediatric Patients Hospitalized in Wisconsin, 2022-2023

Hannah L Litwak1, Carlos M Perez1, Allen Bateman2

  • 1Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Journal of Medical Virology
|March 27, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Severe pediatric respiratory infections from rhinovirus (RV) and enterovirus (EV) rose in 2022-2023. RV-A and RV-C were key contributors in Wisconsin, highlighting the need for year-round molecular surveillance of these viral types.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • Severe respiratory infections in children caused by rhinovirus (RV) and enterovirus (EV) saw an increase in the US during the 2022-2023 period.
  • Understanding the genetic diversity and clinical impact of these viruses is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the genetic diversity of RV/EV in hospitalized children in Wisconsin.
  • To describe the demographic and clinical factors associated with different RV/EV types.

Main Methods:

  • Viral typing of submitted specimens using partial VP4/VP2 (RV) and VP1 (EV) gene sequencing.
  • Abstraction of patient demographic, comorbidity, and hospitalization data from medical records.

Main Results:

  • Rhinovirus-C (RV-C) and Rhinovirus-A (RV-A) were the most prevalent species, identified in 42% and 32% of cases, respectively.
  • Forty-six RV types and 5 EV types were identified.
  • Children with RV-C infections had a higher prevalence of asthma (30%) compared to other RV infections (9%).

Conclusions:

  • RV-A and RV-C were significant causes of severe pediatric respiratory illness in Wisconsin.
  • Molecular typing revealed expected viral divergence, but year-round characterization is necessary for comprehensive understanding.

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