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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Electrons revolving around a nucleus are analogous to a circular current carrying loop. This current produces a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the electron's orbital angular momentum. Since the orbital angular momentum is quantized in terms of the reduced Planck's constant, the dipole moment is quantized in the Bohr Magneton. The value of the Bohr magneton is 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. Electrons also have an intrinsic spin angular momentum, and the associated spin magnetic moment is...
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Efficient water-cooled Bitter-type electromagnet for Zeeman slowing in cold-atom experiments.

Rishav Koirala1, Ben A Olsen2

  • 1Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed a compact Bitter-type electromagnet for cold-atom experiments, generating a precise magnetic field for Zeeman slowing. This electromagnet offers fast switching and efficient cooling for advanced atomic physics research.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics
  • Experimental Physics
  • Electromagnetics

Background:

  • Zeeman slowing is crucial for preparing cold atoms in experiments.
  • Traditional electromagnets can be bulky and slow to switch.
  • Optimizing magnetic field profiles is key for efficient atom manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a compact Bitter-type electromagnet for Zeeman slowing.
  • To achieve a spatially-dependent magnetic field with a near-optimal profile.
  • To ensure efficient thermal management for high current operation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a Bitter-type coil using stacked copper arcs and PTFE spacers.
  • Characterization of electrical resistance, self-inductance, and switching time.
  • Implementation of a helical water cooling system for thermal management.

Main Results:

  • The electromagnet produces a spatially-dependent magnetic field suitable for Zeeman slowing.
  • Electrical resistance: 26.5(3) mΩ; Self-inductance: 19.1(1) μH.
  • Fast electrical switching time (τ ≈ 100 μs) achieved in a 30-cm package.
  • Efficient cooling limited temperature rise to ~5° C during continuous 200 A operation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Bitter-type electromagnet is a compact and efficient solution for Zeeman slowing.
  • The design facilitates fast magnetic field switching and effective thermal control.
  • This electromagnet advances capabilities for cold-atom experiments and related research.