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Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects
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Focused Clinical Observation of Functional Outcomes in Children With OEIS Complex

Osamu Yazawa1,2, Daisuke Hirokawa1, Kaoru Koyama2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan.

Congenital Anomalies
|March 27, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Outcomes for patients with Omphalocele, Cloacal Exstrophy, Imperforate Anus, Spinal Defects (OEIS) complex show favorable ambulatory and intellectual results. However, urinary continence remains a significant challenge for many individuals with this rare condition.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Developmental Biology
  • Congenital Anomalies

Background:

  • Omphalocele, Cloacal Exstrophy, Imperforate Anus, Spinal Defects (OEIS) complex is a rare congenital disorder.
  • Limited data exists on the long-term functional and developmental outcomes for individuals with OEIS complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate long-term ambulatory, urological, and intellectual outcomes in a cohort of patients diagnosed with OEIS complex.
  • To identify factors influencing functional and developmental trajectories in OEIS complex.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 10 patients with OEIS complex treated between 1991 and 2021.
  • Assessment of ambulatory status, urinary continence, and intellectual function at the most recent follow-up.
  • Radiological or intraoperative classification of spinal defects.

Main Results:

  • At a mean follow-up of 114 months, 50% of patients were independently ambulatory, with others requiring orthoses or being nonambulatory.
  • Only 2 out of 9 patients achieved urinary continence; 7 remained incontinent.
  • Among school-aged patients, 5 attended regular schools, indicating generally favorable intellectual outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term ambulatory and intellectual outcomes in OEIS complex are generally favorable, especially without severe complications.
  • Urinary continence remains a persistent challenge requiring ongoing management.
  • Multi-institutional, multidisciplinary studies with extended follow-up are crucial due to the rarity of OEIS complex.

Keywords:
OEIS complexfunctional outcometethered cord syndrome

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