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Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Microfluidic Bioprinting for Engineering Vascularized Tissues and Organoids

Microfluidic Bioprinting for Engineering Vascularized Tissues and Organoids

Published on: August 11, 2017

Organs-on-Chips in Drug Development: Engineering Foundations, Artificial Intelligence, and Clinical Translation.

Nilanjan Roy¹, Luca Cucullo²

¹Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1210 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

|March 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technologies use biosensors to model human physiology, enabling better drug safety and efficacy testing. These microphysiological systems (MPSs) show promise for regulatory use and precision medicine.

Keywords:

artificial intelligence biosensors microfluidics microphysiological systems multi-omics organ-on-a-chip precision medicine validation

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Microfluidics
Cellular Engineering

Background:

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technologies, or microphysiological systems (MPSs), integrate microfluidics, biomaterials, and biosensors to mimic human physiology.
These systems aim to provide quantitative, time-resolved physiological data at the microscale.

Purpose of the Study:

To review literature from 2010-2025 on OoC technologies, focusing on sensing, standardization, and analytics for clinical and regulatory applications.
To synthesize advances in materials, fabrication, organ-specific models, and translational benchmarks.

Main Methods:

Literature review of OoC technologies, materials, fabrication, microfluidic design, and organ-specific case studies.
Analysis of translational benchmarks aligning chip outputs with clinical pharmacokinetic and toxicological data.
Synthesis of advancements in biosensing modalities (impedance, electrochemical, optical) and integration of vascularization and immune components.

Main Results:

Cardiac OoCs achieve AUROC ≥ 0.85 for torsadogenic risk classification; renal chips improve prediction of transporter-mediated clearance.
Platforms increasingly incorporate vascularization, immune components, and organoid hybrids with real-time measurements.
Biosensor-enabled OoCs demonstrate progress toward quantitatively benchmarked platforms for safety pharmacology, ADME/PK-PD, and precision medicine.

Conclusions:

Sensing, standardized sampling, and analytics in OoC technologies are crucial for clinical concordance and regulatory acceptance.
Advances in AI, multi-omics, and digital-twin workflows are poised to further automate analysis and integrate OoC data with in silico models.
OoC technology is advancing towards validated, fit-for-purpose platforms for drug development and personalized medicine.