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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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Cell-Cell Interactome-Based Pathogenesis and Therapies for Osteosarcoma.

Sriya Neelam1, Abdulaziz Hakeem2, Yang Yang1

  • 1Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cells
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteosarcoma (OS) progression is driven by complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME), not just tumor cells. Targeting these interactions offers new therapeutic strategies for this aggressive bone cancer.

Keywords:
cell–cell interactionschemotherapyimmune checkpointsmetastasesosteosarcomatherapy resistancetumor microenvironment

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Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Tumor Microenvironment Research

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone cancer in young individuals, marked by aggression, metastasis, and poor treatment outcomes.
  • OS progression is significantly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME), involving complex cell-cell interactions.
  • Current treatments often fail due to tumor resistance and aggressive disease characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current research on the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in osteosarcoma (OS) pathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the cell-cell interactions within the TME that drive OS progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance.
  • To highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the TME.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing studies on osteosarcoma (OS) and its tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Analysis of research focusing on interactions between OS cells and stromal components like endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, immune cells, and osteoclasts.
  • Emphasis on mechanisms of interaction, including direct contact, soluble factors, and extracellular vesicles.

Main Results:

  • Cell-cell interactions within the TME promote OS proliferation, immune evasion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and metastasis.
  • Tumor and stromal cell adaptive responses to stress contribute significantly to chemoresistance and disease progression.
  • The TME plays a critical role in mediating therapeutic resistance in osteosarcoma.

Conclusions:

  • Osteosarcoma (OS) pathogenesis is multifactorial, driven by intricate cellular crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Conventional chemotherapy limitations necessitate the development of combined therapeutic approaches targeting the TME.
  • Further research into TME interactions is crucial for identifying therapeutic targets and improving personalized OS treatment.