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Herpes

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...

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Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

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A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

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Published on: April 2, 2012

Lemon Juice Activity Against Caprine Alphaherpesvirus-1: An In Vitro Study.

Francesco Pellegrini¹, Gianvito Lanave¹, Cristiana Catella¹

¹Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Lemon juice and citric acid show potent antiviral effects against caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1). This research suggests lemon juice as a potential low-cost disinfectant for goat farming and herpesvirus research.

Keywords:

antiviral caprine herpesvirus 1 herpesviridae lemon juice virucidal

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Antiviral Research

Background:

Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) causes significant economic losses in goat farming.
CpHV-1 genital infections serve as an animal model for human herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vitro virucidal and antiviral effects of lemon juice (LJ) and citric acid (CA) against CpHV-1.
To assess the potential of LJ and CA as topical agents or disinfectants for CpHV-1 control.

Main Methods:

In vitro study using Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells.
Assessed cytotoxicity with XTT assay.
Determined viral titers using Reed-Muench method and quantified viral DNA via qPCR.

Main Results:

Pure LJ (pH 2.3) and CA exhibited rapid virucidal activity, reducing viral titer by over 5.0 log10 TCID50/50 µL within 1 min.
A non-cytotoxic LJ dilution (pH 4.32) significantly inhibited viral replication post-entry, reducing titer by 2.5 log10 TCID50/50 µL and decreasing viral DNA.
Antiviral effects were minimal at pH 6.67.

Conclusions:

Lemon juice and citric acid demonstrate potent in vitro virucidal and antiviral properties against CpHV-1.
LJ shows promise as a low-cost topical agent or disinfectant for controlling CpHV-1 in goats.
Findings support further research into LJ and CA for human herpesvirus applications.