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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

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COVID-19 Infection Risk Among Vulnerable Healthcare Workers: The Protective Role of Pre-Pandemic Recognition.

Maria Ladisa1, Juan Luís Cabanilla-Moruno2, Lara Estefanía Jiménez-Ortega1,3

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain.

Clinics and Practice
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early recognition of vulnerable healthcare workers (VHCWs) before the pandemic significantly reduced their risk of COVID-19 infection. Delayed identification led to a substantially higher infection rate, highlighting the importance of proactive measures.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2healthcare workersoccupational healthpandemicrisk preventionvulnerable workers

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need to protect vulnerable workers.
  • The impact of the timing of vulnerability recognition on infection risk was not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of early recognition of vulnerable healthcare workers (VHCWs) on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk.
  • To identify factors associated with COVID-19 infection among VHCWs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study at Virgen Macarena University Hospital (HUVM), Seville.
  • Included 471 VHCWs identified between January 2020 and December 2021.
  • Analyzed COVID-19 incidence using descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and Cox regression.

Main Results:

  • Vulnerable healthcare workers (VHCWs) recognized after the pandemic declaration had a significantly higher infection risk (HR = 48.84).
  • Healthcare workers not identified before the pandemic onset faced a substantially higher infection risk (HR = 44.68).
  • 12.3% of VHCWs were diagnosed with COVID-19, compared to 18.35% of the general workforce.

Conclusions:

  • The timing of vulnerability recognition is a critical protective factor for healthcare workers.
  • Pre-pandemic identification of VHCWs enabled timely implementation of protective measures, reducing infection risk.
  • Proactive identification and workplace adjustments are crucial for mitigating high-risk exposure during health crises.