A Candidate EEG Spectral Index of Internally Oriented Attention: An Exploratory Comparison of Prayer and Relaxation

Self-transcendence has been described in psychological literature as an orientation toward meaning beyond the individual self. However, because the present study does not directly measure transcendence as a psychological construct, we approach it cautiously as a candidate form of internally oriented attention, operationalized through EEG spectral dynamics. Although this construct has been linked to self-referential cognition and large-scale brain systems supporting internal mentation, electrophysiological evidence remains limited, especially in designs that compare spiritually oriented practices with non-spiritual internal-focus controls.

We examined whether a candidate EEG-derived Transcendence Index (TI) is associated with EEG oscillatory activity across canonical frequency bands and whether prayer and relaxation show descriptively distinct oscillatory patterns.

In a within-subject design, participants completed a psychological assessment battery including personality and anxiety measures and underwent EEG recording during two eyes-closed conditions (Prayer vs. Relaxation). Spectral power features were extracted for delta, theta, alpha (low/high), beta (low/high), and gamma (low/high, where signal quality permitted). We examined associations between TI and band-limited activity and explored condition-related oscillatory patterns across Prayer and Relaxation. Given the modest sample size (N = 39), the study was designed and interpreted as exploratory research.

Higher TI was associated with an oscillatory profile consistent with internally oriented attention and reflective self-processing, with the most consistent patterns observed in theta-alpha dynamics (and comparatively lower beta contribution). In addition, Prayer and Relaxation showed descriptively distinct oscillatory patterns, suggesting that prayer engages internal-focus processes that may not be fully captured by relaxation alone.

These findings support the feasibility of examining internally oriented attentional dynamics potentially related to "transcendence" as a candidate construct through scalp EEG spectral activity. Integrating theory-informed indices with EEG features may help refine psychophysiological models of self-transcendence and inform digitally supported assessment approaches, pending further construct validation. These findings should therefore be interpreted as exploratory preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of EEG-based indices of internally oriented attention.