Biomechanical Applications of Finite Element Analysis in Orthodontics: A Scoping Review of Force Distribution, Tooth...

Background/Objectives: Clinical and scientific professionalization in orthodontics requires a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical principles governing force generation and distribution produced by orthodontic appliances, beyond purely esthetic considerations. In this context, finite element analysis (FEA) has emerged as a fundamental computational tool for the detailed evaluation of the biomechanical behavior of the dentoalveolar system. The aim of this study was to map and synthesize the available scientific evidence on the application of FEA in the assessment of force distribution, tooth movement, and the mechanical response of periodontal tissues during orthodontic treatment. Methods: Original studies published between 2020 and 2025 that relied exclusively on computational simulations using FEA were included. Eligible studies addressed orthodontic biomechanics, including tooth movement, appliance-tooth-periodontium interactions, or the mechanical evaluation of orthodontic attachments. Clinical studies, narrative reviews, and articles without finite element modeling were excluded. A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases to answer the following question: Which FEA methodologies have been used to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of orthodontic appliances? Results: Data were categorized according to key biomechanical variables. The findings indicate an increasing use of FEA as a supportive tool in orthodontic research. However, significant limitations were identified, including lack of methodological standardization, limited model validation, and insufficient correlation between computational outcomes and clinical evidence. Conclusions: Currently, FEA in orthodontics is used predominantly for descriptive purposes, particularly for visualizing stress and strain distributions. Greater standardization and validation are required to enhance its translational applicability in clinical relevance.