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A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

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Lensless Quantitative Phase Imaging with Bayer-Filtered Color Sensors Under Sequential RGB-LED Illumination.

Jiajia Wu^1,2, Yining Li², Yuheng Luo²

¹School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.

Journal of Imaging

|March 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new method for lensless microscopy that overcomes limitations of standard color sensors. This technique improves image quality and resolution for high-throughput biological imaging and digital pathology applications.

Keywords:

Bayer-filtered color sensor lensless on-chip microscopy polychromatic phase retrieval quantitative phase imaging

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Area of Science:

Microscopy
Optical Imaging
Computational Imaging

Background:

Lensless on-chip microscopy offers high-throughput, wide field-of-view imaging.
Standard color sensors use Bayer color filter arrays (CFAs), causing sub-sampling and spectral crosstalk, which degrade phase retrieval.
Existing methods struggle with CFA-induced artifacts in quantitative phase reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel method for quantitative phase reconstruction using Bayer-filtered color sensors.
To overcome spatial sub-sampling and spectral crosstalk artifacts inherent in CFA sensors.
To enable pixel super-resolution (PSR) and enhance phase retrieval accuracy.

Main Methods:

Development of a Wirtinger Poly-Gradient Solver (WPGS).
Utilizing sequential Red-Green-Blue Light-Emitting Diode (RGB-LED) illumination.
Combining Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE)-based initialization with polychromatic Wirtinger optimization.

Main Results:

Suppression of CFA-induced artifacts in quantitative phase reconstruction.
Achievement of pixel super-resolution (PSR), exceeding the Nyquist limit.
Successful resolution of a 2.76 μm linewidth using a 1.85 μm pixel-pitch sensor.
Demonstration of label-free imaging of HeLa cells and unstained tissue sections.

Conclusions:

The proposed WPGS method effectively reconstructs quantitative phase with Bayer-filtered color sensors.
The technique significantly improves imaging resolution and quality for lensless microscopy.
This advancement supports high-throughput digital pathology and longitudinal biological studies.