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Rational Design of Hollow Nanostructures: Engineering the Cavity Microenvironment for Advanced Electrocatalysis.

Yong-Gang Sun1, Xin Wang1, Jian Xiong1

  • 1School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights engineering the internal cavity microenvironment of hollow nanostructures as key for advanced electrocatalysts. Optimizing mass transport and electronic structure within the cavity boosts performance in oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions.

Keywords:
cavity microenvironmentelectrocatalysishollow nanostructuresrational designstructure–property relationships

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Hollow nanostructures are promising electrocatalysts due to high surface area and efficient material use.
  • Current research often neglects the crucial role of the internal cavity microenvironment.
  • Focusing solely on external shell properties limits catalyst development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel framework for designing next-generation electrocatalysts by engineering the cavity microenvironment.
  • To systematically analyze how cavity engineering impacts mass transport, electronic structure, active sites, and stability.
  • To correlate microenvironmental parameters with catalytic performance for key reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing and synthesizing existing literature on hollow nanostructures in electrocatalysis.
  • Developing a conceptual framework for rational cavity microenvironment design.
  • Analyzing structure-property-performance relationships for oxygen reduction (ORR), oxygen evolution (OER), and hydrogen evolution (HER).

Main Results:

  • Precise control over cavity geometry, composition, and interfacial properties significantly optimizes electrocatalytic performance.
  • Engineering the microenvironment enhances mass transport, modulates electronic structure, and improves active site exposure.
  • Established clear structure-property-performance relationships for ORR, OER, and HER.

Conclusions:

  • Rational design of the cavity microenvironment is a unified principle for superior electrocatalyst development.
  • Future research should focus on atomic-level precision, understanding dynamic evolution, and scalable synthesis.
  • Harnessing the internal cavity offers a pathway to overcome limitations in current electrocatalyst design.