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Author Spotlight: Advancing Human Brain Modulation – Optimized Protocols for Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation Experiments

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Rapid Review of Task-Based Outcomes Using Low-Intensity Focused Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation in Humans and

Jathushan Kaetheeswaran¹, Devon McCarthy², Srikar Saradhi³

¹Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Neuromodulation : Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society

|March 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Low-intensity focused transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) shows promise for behavioral modulation. Further research is needed to optimize TUS parameters for consistent and significant results in neuromodulation studies.

Keywords:

Behavior low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation sonication parameters transcranial ultrasound stimulation

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neuromodulation

Background:

Low-intensity focused transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique.
TUS offers high spatial precision and deep brain targeting capabilities.
Conventional measures like EEG and LFP do not fully characterize TUS modulation strength and mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review task-based TUS studies in humans and nonhuman primates.
To consolidate findings from existing task-oriented TUS research.
To guide future experimental designs for assessing TUS neuromodulatory effects.

Main Methods:

Rapid systematic review of peer-reviewed, task-oriented TUS studies.
Inclusion criteria based on Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) framework.
Searches across major scientific databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, IEEE Xplore) with screening via Covidence software.

Main Results:

Identified 41 studies utilizing TUS.
Studies covered nine distinct cortical and subcortical brain regions.
Varied sonication protocols and outcomes were observed across studies.

Conclusions:

TUS demonstrates potential as a tool for behavioral modulation.
Optimization frameworks for TUS parameters are essential.
Consistent and reproducible results require further parameter refinement.