Celiac Crisis Complicated by Refeeding Syndrome: A Case Report and Pediatric-Adapted Diagnostic Criteria

Background and Clinical Significance: Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-triggered immune enteropathy that may rarely present as Celiac crisis (CC), a life-threatening condition marked by severe diarrhea, dehydration, metabolic derangements, and acute malnutrition. Pediatric diagnostic criteria are lacking, and despite its reduced incidence in high-income countries, CC remains a critical complication, potentially associated with refeeding syndrome. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 23-month-old girl presenting with chronic diarrhea, weight loss, iron-deficiency anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and coagulation abnormalities. Serology confirmed CD, and a gluten-free diet (GFD) was initiated. However, the patient experienced clinical deterioration consistent with CC. Her course was further complicated by refeeding syndrome, ileo-ileal intussusception, and deep vein thrombosis, requiring corticosteroids, anticoagulation, and multidisciplinary nutritional support. Full clinical recovery was achieved within two months. Conclusions: This case highlights the life-threatening potential of CC and the necessity for early recognition. Timely GFD initiation, correction of metabolic abnormalities, and monitoring for refeeding syndrome are essential. We propose pediatric-adapted diagnostic criteria to facilitate earlier recognition and standardize the management of CC. The proposed framework includes major and minor criteria based on the rapid onset of gastrointestinal symptoms with serological evidence of CD autoimmunity, accompanied by clinical instability requiring hospitalization or intensive support and multiple indicators of systemic compromise.