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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses
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Host-Candida auris interactions in the skin.

Shankar Thangamani1, Abishek Balakumar1, Abhishek Datta1

  • 1Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.

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Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant fungus, can persist on skin. Understanding host-microbe interactions and fungal factors is key to developing new treatments for Candida auris skin colonization and infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections.
  • Unlike other Candida species, C. auris demonstrates significant skin colonization potential.
  • This review focuses on the factors contributing to C. auris skin colonization and infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on clinical risk factors for C. auris skin colonization.
  • To elucidate host-microbe interactions governing C. auris skin colonization and infection.
  • To identify fungal and host determinants influencing C. auris pathogenesis on the skin.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Candida auris.
  • Analysis of fungal factors (mannan layer, adhesins, Hog1 pathway) involved in skin adaptation.
  • Examination of host immune responses (cytokines, immune cells, IFN-γ) to C. auris.

Main Results:

  • Fungal determinants like the mannan outer layer and adhesins contribute to skin adaptation.
  • Host immune responses, including specific cytokines and immune cells, modulate infection outcomes.
  • Excessive IFN-γ responses can exacerbate epithelial damage and fungal persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding fungal and host factors is crucial for managing C. auris skin colonization.
  • Further research into these interactions can guide the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines.
  • Targeting C. auris's skin-tropic nature and multidrug resistance is essential for effective control.