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Interlayer Exciton Condensates between Second Landau Level Orbitals in Double Bilayer Graphene.

Zeyu Hao^1,2,3, A M Zimmerman³, Kenji Watanabe⁴

¹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|March 27, 2026

Summary

Researchers observed interlayer exciton condensates in bilayer graphene (BLG) within the quantum Hall regime. This phenomenon, seen in both the lowest and second Landau levels, indicates strong interlayer interactions in stacked 2D materials.

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Quantum Hall (QH) effect in two-dimensional electron systems.
Interlayer interactions in van der Waals heterostructures.
Exciton condensation as a correlated quantum state.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate interlayer exciton condensates (ECs) in Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene (BLG).
Probe the behavior of ECs in the lowest (N=0) and second (N=1) Landau levels (LLs).
Understand the role of wave function polarization in forming N=1 EC states.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a heterostructure with two BLG sheets separated by hexagonal boron nitride (hBN).
Utilizing top and bottom gates for independent layer control.
Applying interlayer bias to tune Landau level filling and probe interlayer QH states via Coulomb drag measurements.

Main Results:

Observed interlayer exciton condensates at integer total filling and fractional QH states when both BLG layers occupy the N=0 LL.
Demonstrated quantized drag signals indicating an EC formed between the second LLs (N=1) when both layers occupy the N=1 LL.
Found that the N=1 EC state formation is dependent on wave function polarization towards the hBN interface.

Conclusions:

Interlayer exciton condensates can form in bilayer graphene at both N=0 and N=1 Landau levels.
The N=1 EC state formation is sensitive to interlayer coupling and wave function overlap.
Results highlight the potential of stacked 2D materials for exploring novel quantum correlated states.