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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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X-Inactivation

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Shinya Yamanaka.

Shinya Yamanaka

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    Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer revolutionary potential for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Challenges remain for widespread clinical application of iPSC therapies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Stem Cell Biology
    • Regenerative Medicine
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Dr. Shinya Yamanaka's Nobel Prize-winning discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts using transcription factors.
    • The 20th anniversary discussion with Dr. Yamanaka on the evolution of iPSC technology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review scientific, technical, and translational milestones in the iPSC field.
    • To explore the role of iPSCs in disease modeling, drug discovery, and genome editing.
    • To identify barriers to the clinical application of iPSC-derived therapies.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of scientific literature and expert discussion.
    • Analysis of the impact of iPSCs on regenerative medicine.
    • Discussion of current challenges and future directions in iPSC research.

    Main Results:

    • iPSCs have significantly advanced regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery.
    • The interplay between iPSCs and genome editing offers new therapeutic possibilities.
    • Significant hurdles persist in achieving widespread clinical translation of iPSC therapies.

    Conclusions:

    • iPSC technology has transformative potential but requires further development for clinical use.
    • Future research should focus on overcoming current limitations and exploring novel applications.
    • Dr. Yamanaka highlights promising yet underexplored avenues for iPSC applications.