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Statistical Tools for Microbial Environmental Monitoring Programs in Food Processing Facilities: A Systematic Review.

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Area of Science:

  • Food Safety Science
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Environmental Monitoring Programs (EMPs) are crucial for food safety, involving routine environmental sampling in food processing facilities.
  • Statistical methods are essential for analyzing EMP data to track microbial levels, identify trends, and guide corrective actions.
  • Current practices in EMP data analysis lack standardization, with a wide variation in statistical approaches used.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review statistical tools applied to EMP data.
  • To identify factors influencing the selection of statistical methods for EMP data analysis.
  • To assess the suitability of different statistical tools for various EMP objectives.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted, searching SCOPUS for relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025.
  • PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed for study screening, including title/abstract screening, full-text review, and data extraction.
  • Qualitative analysis was performed on 50 eligible studies identified from an initial pool of 1,864 records.

Main Results:

  • Descriptive statistics (n=49) were the most common tools for summarizing microbial counts and prevalence.
  • Inferential statistics (n=31) were used for comparisons and association assessments, while visualization methods (n=13) illustrated spatiotemporal trends.
  • Advanced methods like regression (n=10) and multivariate analyses (n=4) were less frequently used for predicting high-risk scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • EMP data analysis predominantly relies on basic descriptive methods, indicating a gap in the application of more advanced statistical techniques.
  • There is a need for greater utilization of advanced statistical tools to enhance the insights derived from EMP data.
  • The selection of statistical tools must align with specific EMP objectives, study design, and the nature of the collected data for effective food safety management.