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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
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A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

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Neurodevelopmental brainstem syndromes.

David Gomez-Andres1, Manuel Roig-Quils1, Francina Munell1

  • 1Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disorders of prenatal brainstem development, termed brainstem dysgenesis, can cause significant neurological deficits. Identifying specific patterns aids in diagnosis and tailored treatment for affected individuals.

Keywords:
BrainstemCongenitalCranial nervesDysgenesisDysinnervationEmbryogenesisMalformationMoebiusNeurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Prenatal brainstem development is complex, involving gene-environment interactions.
  • Disruptions lead to brainstem dysfunction and diverse clinical symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore prenatal brainstem development and associated disorders.
  • To provide an updated perspective on genetic and acquired brainstem conditions.
  • To define brainstem dysgenesis as aberrant development during embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on brainstem development and disorders.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and etiological factors.
  • Emphasis on phenotypic pattern recognition for diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Brainstem dysgenesis encompasses a range of disorders from abnormal prenatal development.
  • Clinical presentations are heterogeneous, including cranial nerve palsies, cognitive deficits, and respiratory issues.
  • Phenotypic patterns are crucial for linking specific insults to outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of brainstem dysgenesis requires recognizing specific phenotypic patterns.
  • Identifying etiological factors (genetic or acquired) is key for prognosis and management.
  • Tailored care strategies depend on understanding the underlying cause and clinical presentation.