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Dysrhythmias I: Introduction01:15

Dysrhythmias I: Introduction

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Dysrhythmias refers to abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. They result from disruptions in the heart's electrical conduction system, which includes the sinoatrial(SA)node, atrioventricular(AV) node, the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.Definition and PathophysiologyDysrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, impulse conduction, or both. The heart contains specialized cells in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers...
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Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

807
Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

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Dysarthria.

Pamela M Enderby1, Angela Morgan2

  • 1School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dysarthria, a speech disorder impacting communication, arises from brainstem lesions affecting articulation and fluency. This chapter details its types, assessment, and holistic treatment for improved social engagement.

Keywords:
CommunicationDysarthriaDysarthria assessmentDysphagiaSpeech and language therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Communication is vital for personal identity, relationships, education, employment, and social interaction.
  • Dysarthria is a speech disorder with significant disabling effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide comprehensive information on dysarthria.
  • To highlight the brainstem's role in speech production.

Main Methods:

  • Describing various types of dysarthria based on lesion location.
  • Outlining assessment and treatment methodologies.

Main Results:

  • The brainstem plays a crucial role in articulation, intonation, prosody, and fluency.
  • Different brainstem lesions result in distinct forms of dysarthria.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic approach is essential for managing dysarthria.
  • Effective management can improve quality of life and social participation.