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Related Concept Videos

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Asepsis01:28

Asepsis

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The condition of being free from disease-causing living pathogens is asepsis. Aseptic techniques include a set of standard practices to achieve asepsis. An example is the regular environmental cleaning of all parts of the healthcare facility and hand hygiene at home before preparing or eating food. Medical and surgical asepsis in healthcare practice protects patients from harmful pathogens, minimizes the risk of contamination of susceptible sites, and reduces the risk of infection transmission.
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Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
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Beyond Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Prevention Strategies for Health Care-Associated Staphylococcus

Davide Bosetti1, Andie Lee2, Gaud Catho3

  • 1Infection Control Program and WHO Collaborating Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 4, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
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Staphylococcus aureus infections, including methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA), remain a significant healthcare threat. Infection control must evolve beyond methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) to address both strains effectively.

Keywords:
Decolonization strategiesHand hygiene and environmental cleaningHealthcare-associated infectionsHorizontal versus vertical preventionMRSAMSSAStaphylococcus aureusSurgical antibiotic prophylaxis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hospital Epidemiology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections.
  • Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) rates have declined in some areas, but methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) still causes numerous invasive infections.
  • Current infection control strategies solely focused on MRSA are becoming obsolete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence for both horizontal and vertical strategies to combat S aureus infections.
  • To highlight the need for updated infection control programs addressing both MRSA and MSSA.
  • To review non-pathogen-specific and targeted measures for S aureus control.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing evidence on S aureus infection control.
  • Analysis of horizontal (non-pathogen-specific) strategies: hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, device care, universal decolonization, surgical prophylaxis.
  • Evaluation of vertical (targeted) strategies: MRSA/MSSA screening and decolonization.

Main Results:

  • MRSA spread is primarily exogenous, while MSSA often originates from endogenous carriage.
  • Horizontal strategies like hand hygiene and environmental hygiene are crucial for controlling S aureus.
  • Targeted screening and decolonization can supplement general infection control measures.

Conclusions:

  • Infection control programs must address both MRSA and MSSA comprehensively.
  • A combination of horizontal and vertical strategies is necessary for effective S aureus infection control.
  • Updating infection control protocols to include MSSA is essential for patient safety.