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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
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A controllable human spinal cord model with full dorsoventral patterning.

Jeyoon Bok1, Yung Su Kim1, Fangyi Cheng1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Nature Communications
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a human stem cell model of spinal cord development. This model reveals new insights into neural crest cell development and retinoic acid signaling, improving understanding of human spinal cord patterning.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Spinal cord (SC) development involves complex morphogen gradients dictating dorsoventral (DV) patterning, specifying neural progenitor domains like the roof plate (RP), floor plate (FP), and neural crest cells (NCCs).
  • Existing animal models and in vitro systems have limitations in fully elucidating human-specific aspects of SC patterning, including the precise role of retinoic acid (RA) and NCC lineage dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived model for studying spinal cord development and DV patterning.
  • To investigate the role of retinoic acid (RA) signaling and neural crest cell (NCC) migration in human SC development.
  • To provide a platform for dissecting human-specific features and modeling SC-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of microfluidic SC-like structures (µSCLSs) using micropatterned hPSC colonies and bioengineered, antiparallel morphogen gradients.
  • Application of a microfluidic platform to control morphogen presentation and recapitulate DV patterning.
  • Utilizing the µSCLS model to study RA-BMP signaling crosstalk and NCC migration in response to chemoattractant cues.

Main Results:

  • The µSCLS model successfully recapitulated complete DV patterning with distinct human-specific transcriptional signatures.
  • A novel RA-BMP signaling crosstalk was identified, potentially resolving conflicting data on RA's role in SC DV patterning.
  • Lineage-specific ventral migration of NCCs was observed, allowing visualization and mechanistic analysis of sensory versus other neural fates.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hPSC-derived µSCLS model offers a robust, reproducible, and human-relevant system for studying SC development.
  • This model provides unprecedented resolution for investigating neural crest cell biology and human-specific developmental mechanisms.
  • The platform facilitates disease modeling of spinal cord disorders with greater accuracy and mechanistic insight.