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Related Concept Videos

The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Dynamics in Lupus-Prone Mice Using a Simple, Cost-Effective DNA Isolation Method
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Oral Microbiome in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Sophie Jung1,2,3, Eirini Militsi2,4, Olivier Huck2,4,5

  • 1Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires (O-Rares), Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.

Oral Diseases
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
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Systemic autoimmune diseases alter the oral microbiome, showing common dysbiosis with specific bacterial shifts. However, study variations hinder direct comparisons of these oral microbiota changes.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseasemicrobiomeoralperiodontal

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Immunology
  • Oral health

Background:

  • The oral cavity is a critical interface for host immunity and microbial interactions.
  • Understanding oral microbiota in systemic autoimmune diseases is crucial but underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize literature on oral microbiota alterations in systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • To identify common dysbiotic signatures across various autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science (2000-2025).
  • Inclusion of observational human studies comparing autoimmune disease patients to controls.
  • Analysis of oral microbiota (saliva, plaque, mucosa, fluid) using sequencing methods.

Main Results:

  • 42 studies analyzed: rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, and vasculitis.
  • Dysbiosis characterized by increased Prevotella/Veillonella and decreased Neisseria/Haemophilus.
  • Distinct microbial community differences (β-diversity) observed between patients and controls.

Conclusions:

  • Shared dysbiotic signatures are present in the oral microbiome of systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • Methodological and clinical heterogeneity complicates direct cross-study comparisons.