The Impact of Modern Lifestyles on Spinal Health in the Pediatric Population: A Narrative Review

Background: Children's behavior and lifestyle are changing rapidly, potentially exceeding the capacity of physiological adaptation. Contemporary lifestyles may negatively affect spinal development and contribute to dysfunction and premature degeneration. Despite the increasing prevalence of postural changes, cervical spine disorders in adolescents remain under-researched. Methods: This narrative review is based on a comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus. The search strategy included a broad review of anatomical and biomechanical literature from the past 25 years and a focused review of studies from the last 15 years to reflect recent generational changes. Results: The immature spine has distinct structural and biomechanical characteristics that increase susceptibility to maladaptive responses to unbalanced forces. High screen time is associated with sedentary behavior and increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, which may affect metabolic health and musculoskeletal development. Childhood and adolescent obesity are increasingly prevalent and may influence spinal development, including through myosteatosis. Data on the consequences of cervical and lumbar lordosis loss in adolescents remain limited. Although degenerative spinal disorders are well recognized in adults, their identification in younger populations may be inadequate. Conclusions: Modern lifestyle factors pose a growing risk to children's spinal health through complex interactions among behavioral, metabolic, and biomechanical mechanisms. The developing spine's vulnerability and the coexistence of multiple, interrelated risk factors support the need for integrated preventive strategies rather than single-factor interventions. Future studies should focus on models capturing these interactions and their long-term consequences.