Perception of Patient Safety Culture Among Healthcare Practitioners in Dammam and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background: There is escalating concern about patient safety among healthcare workers (HCWs) due to the alarming number of deaths and disabilities. Objective: The main aim of this study is to explore the perceptions of patient safety culture (PSC) among HCWs in two major cities in Saudi Arabia, compare the findings with those of international studies, and highlight the major strengths and challenges that affect the incorporation of PSC in these two cities. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to assess PSC among HCWs in hospitals in Dammam and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This study utilised the Saudi Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC), which is commonly used by HCWs in the Ministry of Health, and the results were compared with those from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Chi-square tests were used to assess the association between patient safety ratings and the reporting of patient safety events. An independent t-test was used to examine differences in mean scores of study variables between the two cities. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 737 participants, 357 completed the survey. Physicians were the most common (27%), followed by nurses (11.9%), in Dammam. In Jeddah, nurses were first (20%), followed by transporters and security (12.7 and 11.6%, respectively). Overall, error reporting and supervisor support were areas of strength, while management commitment, teamwork, and incident reporting were identified as areas needing improvement. More than 94% of employees rated patient safety positively. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of HCWs' perceptions of PSC in Dammam and Jeddah. Overall, patient safety ratings among participants were highly positive (94%), reflecting favourable views of teamwork, supervisor support, and hospital management's commitment. Although event reporting and teamwork were recognised as major strengths, it is still necessary to implement regular patient safety training programmes and formal patient safety policies to address existing gaps. Overall, PSC ratings were more positive and significantly higher in Dammam than in Jeddah. These findings may help policymakers and managers enhance patient safety and develop more robust systems to protect both patients and HCWs.