Ginsenosides in Modern Pharmaceutics: Mechanisms, Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives

Area of Science:

• Pharmacology and Natural Products
• Molecular Biology
• Translational Medicine

Background:

• Ginsenosides, the main active compounds in Panax ginseng, possess diverse pharmacological effects.
• These effects include neuroprotection, antitumor activity, anti-aging properties, and metabolic regulation.
• Their therapeutic potential spans neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides in treating major diseases.
• To summarize clinical research on ginsenosides for advanced gastric cancer, breast cancer, stroke, and diabetes.
• To discuss safety, toxicity, and recent technological advancements in ginsenoside preparation and delivery.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of molecular mechanisms and clinical studies.
• Analysis of safety assessments and toxicity data.
• Evaluation of recent advances in biotransformation and preparation technologies, including nanodelivery systems and AI-driven formulation.

Main Results:

• Ginsenosides demonstrate significant potential in preclinical and clinical settings for various diseases.
• Current research highlights innovative strategies to overcome limitations like poor bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration.
• Safety and toxicity profiles are being critically assessed alongside therapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions:

• Ginsenosides offer promising therapeutic avenues but require more high-quality clinical evidence.
• Further research is needed to fully elucidate mechanisms of action and ensure long-term safety.
• Advancements in formulation and delivery are crucial for optimizing ginsenoside's clinical application.