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The Use of Structured Professional Judgement: A New Way to Understand and Assess Bite Risk from Dogs
Todd E Hogue1, Helen Howell1, Ann Baslington-Davies2
1School of Psychology, Sport Science and Wellbeing, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|March 28, 2026
Summary
Dog bite risk assessment needs improvement. A structured professional judgment (SPJ) framework, focusing on human behavior and environment, offers a more reliable approach than breed-specific methods.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Public Health
- Animal Behavior
Background:
- Dog bites pose significant public health, animal welfare, and economic challenges.
- Current breed-focused interventions are ineffective; human behavior and environment are key factors in aggression.
- Existing risk assessments are subjective, unreliable, and lack predictive validity.

