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Innate immune cells can develop lasting functional changes, a phenomenon known as trained immunity. This challenges traditional immunology and has implications for autoimmune diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Innate Immunity
  • Trained Immunity

Background:

  • Immunological memory was traditionally attributed solely to adaptive immunity (lymphocytes).
  • Recent discoveries reveal innate immune cells also possess memory-like properties.
  • Trained immunity involves functional reprogramming of innate immune cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the paradigm of immunological memory in light of trained immunity.
  • To explore the dual role of trained immunity in autoimmune diseases (ADs).
  • To examine the specificity, pathogenic potential, and therapeutic opportunities of trained immunity in ADs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent findings on trained immunity.
  • Analysis of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming in innate immune cells.
  • Examination of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) engagement and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) interactions.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity enhances innate immune responses but may also promote inflammation.
  • Specificity of trained immunity can be influenced by PRR-PAMP interactions.
  • Trained immunity presents both pathogenic risks and therapeutic potential in autoimmune contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Trained immunity necessitates a reconsideration of immunological memory.
  • Understanding trained immunity's mechanisms is crucial for managing autoimmune diseases.
  • Harnessing trained immunity offers potential therapeutic avenues for ADs.