Addressing the Challenges of Solid-State Nanopores: Strategies for Performance Enhancement.

Area of Science:

• Nanotechnology
• Genomics
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Solid-state nanopore sequencing is a third-generation technology with potential in genomics and diagnostics.
• It offers long reads, real-time detection, and amplification-free operation by measuring ionic current changes.
• Current challenges include limited resolution, pore clogging, and electrical noise.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review strategies addressing limitations in solid-state nanopore sequencing.
• To highlight advancements in improving spatial resolution, modulating DNA translocation, and suppressing electrical noise.
• To discuss surface functionalization for reduced clogging and enhanced specificity.

Main Methods:

• Utilizing ultrathin 2D materials (e.g., graphene, MoS2) to enhance spatial resolution.
• Optimizing solution conditions, pore geometry, surface charge, and bio-solid hybrid designs for DNA translocation control.
• Implementing noise suppression techniques targeting thermal, 1/f, and dielectric noise through material selection, coatings, chip/amplifier design, and machine learning.
• Applying surface functionalization to minimize pore clogging and improve specificity.

Main Results:

• 2D materials improve spatial resolution in nanopore sequencing.
• Various methods effectively modulate DNA translocation and suppress electrical noise.
• Surface functionalization reduces pore clogging and increases analytical specificity.

Conclusions:

• Continued advancements in materials science, nanofabrication, and data science are crucial.
• Solid-state nanopore technology is progressing towards reliable, high-precision sequencing.
• This technology holds significant promise for personalized medicine and biological research.