Diet-Microbiome-Redox Interactions and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Livestock: Computational and Spatial...

Oxidative stress (OS) is a central regulator of health and productivity in livestock, emerging from complex interactions between dietary inputs, microbiome composition, environmental stressors, and host metabolism. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on OS in cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry, emphasizing mechanistic pathways, tissue-specific responses, and translational applications. We highlight the central role of redox-inflammatory signaling hubs, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and inflammasomes, as integrators of metabolic and immune stress. Microbiome-metabolome interactions modulate systemic oxidative responses, influencing liver, mammary gland, gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, and reproductive tissues. Oxidative stress-related biochemical and molecular alterations are captured by a range of biomarkers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TOAC), gluthatione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), cytokines, and gene expression profiles, measurable in blood, milk, saliva, and tissues. Integrating these markers enables precision diagnostics, early disease detection, and evidence-based nutritional interventions. Furthermore, computational modeling and spatial-socioeconomic perspectives offer novel approaches to translate molecular redox insights into practical livestock management strategies. By framing OS as a regulated, context-dependent process rather than a simple imbalance of reactive oxygen species, this review advances a conceptual, cross-species framework for understanding, monitoring, and mitigating oxidative stress in livestock. This integrative perspective provides a foundation for targeted antioxidant strategies and sustainable production practices, bridging molecular mechanisms with practical applications in animal health and productivity.