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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Combined In vivo Optical and µCT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice
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Bone and Infections: An Osteoimmunological Interplay.

Emanuela Galliera1,2, Luca Massaccesi1,2, Nicola Logoluso2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoimmunology explores how immune cells and bone interact. Infections trigger inflammation, leading to bone loss and remodeling, offering new therapeutic targets for bone disorders.

Keywords:
bone remodelinginfectionosteoimmunological biomarkers

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Area of Science:

  • Osteoimmunology
  • Skeletal biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Osteoimmunology studies the interplay between skeletal and immune systems.
  • Chronic inflammation and infections significantly impact bone homeostasis and remodeling.
  • Immune cells and the bone microenvironment mutually influence each other's functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which infections affect bone.
  • To highlight the role of immune dysregulation in infection-associated bone disorders.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for diagnosis and intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current evidence.
  • Analysis of direct and indirect mechanisms of infection on bone.
  • Identification of key inflammatory pathways and cellular interactions.

Main Results:

  • Infections perturb bone remodeling through immune cell infiltration and cytokine release.
  • Altered osteoclast and osteoblast activity leads to bone erosion.
  • Immune dysregulation is implicated in osteomyelitis and related bone diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding osteoimmunology is crucial for addressing infection-associated bone loss.
  • Specific inflammatory pathways and cellular interactions represent potential therapeutic targets.
  • Further research is needed to fill gaps in mechanistic understanding for improved diagnosis and treatment.