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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization
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Circulating MicroRNA in Breast Cancer.

Alexander Sturzu1, Ruixia Ma1, Yaguang Xi1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) show promise as breast cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets, but their clinical use requires standardized, subtype-aware approaches for accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment.

Keywords:
breast cancercirculating biomarkersmiRNAtriple-negative breast cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology and Genetics
  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a clinical challenge despite advances in diagnostics and personalized medicine.
  • Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) are gene regulators found in biofluids, protected by vesicles or proteins.
  • This review focuses on extracellular miRNAs in breast cancer, their subtype-specific roles, and potential as liquid-biopsy biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on oncogenic and tumor-suppressive extracellular miRNAs in breast cancer.
  • To emphasize subtype-specific functions and clinical relevance of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • To synthesize findings on circulating miRNAs for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction.

Main Methods:

  • PubMed literature review (January 2000-February 2026) using combined search terms for breast cancer and circulating miRNAs.
  • Prioritization of studies with validated targets, mechanisms, or clinical evidence for diagnostic/prognostic utility.
  • Subtype-aware evaluation of findings, organized by functional categories and clinical/translational studies.

Main Results:

  • miR-21 and miR-155 identified as prominent oncogenic miRNAs; miR-205 as a tumor-suppressive miRNA.
  • Circulating miRNA panels show potential for sensitive and specific breast cancer diagnostics.
  • Subtype-dependent miRNA effects observed, with opposing roles in TNBC versus ER-positive breast cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating miRNAs are promising minimally invasive biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
  • Clinical translation is limited by biological context dependence and pre-analytical/analytical variability.
  • Standardized, subtype-aware protocols and validated panels are crucial for clinical implementation and precision oncology.